![]() ![]() The research revealed that community challenges can only be solved by empowering citizens to identify and address problems within their respective communities, as well as to monitor the actions of elected and appointed public officials. The research methodology involved a critical desktop analysis of books, articles, regulatory policies, and strategy documents to analyse PAR as a possible development process for democratic participative governance. Furthermore, the researchers investigate the concept "civic participation" to develop a potential framework for PAR in third-world democracies such as South Africa. This paper aims to analyse government-developed citizen participation mechanisms in South Africa against the backdrop of Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a community development tool. In summary, this participatory approach offers non-police driven crime prevention strategies and allows community members an opportunity to drive these strategies. Additionally, successful crime prevention should be based on social programs and physical improvements to the built environment that are unique to the city. While our crime data were collected between 2017-2019, our findings showed that bringing residents and stakeholders together with decision-makers and experts can be an effective tool to address environmental design and crime prevention policies especially in the postpolice defunding era. Our data collection approach was an iterative process, whereby data collected at one phase informed data collected in subsequent phases. This innovative approach enabled action-oriented recommendations for neighborhood improvements that were grounded in the needs, issues, and concerns of each city. ![]() In this research, we test a community-engaged participatory research approach that combines crime data, design, and engagement in developing the needed policies, tools, and strategies for crime prevention in three medium-sized cities in Michigan. But crime data tracked over the years shows that ‘overpolicing’ isn’t an effective tool at lessening crime rates, can be a strain on budgets, and can heighten tense relationships between police and community members. The typical and seeming logical response by communities and their police departments is to dispatch more officers to areas of criminal activity. Violent crimes in the United States rose for the first time in four years in 2020 (FBI, 2020). ![]()
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